Isingeniso
Enkambisweni yokusika insimbi yekhabhoni nge-laser ngomoya ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi, ukunamathela kwe-slag kuyinkinga evamile. Le nkinga ayithinti kakhulu ikhwalithi yendawo yokusika, njengokubangela ukugoba nokungalingani, kodwa futhi inciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngokudinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokucubungula ngemuva kokususa i-slag. Ezimweni zokukhiqiza zezimboni, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezidinga ukunqunywa kwensimbi yekhabhoni ngokunemba okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukuba khona kokunamathela kwe-slag kungaholela ekwandeni kwezindleko kanye nokwehla kokuncintisana komkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda nokubhekana nale nkinga kubaluleke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zokunamathela kwe-slag, okuhlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kanye nezixazululo ezisebenzayo zabakhiqizi kanye nabaqhubi emkhakheni.
Uhlobo 1: Amabha aqhubekayo, aconsayo (ukungcola) phansi
Izici
Lolu hlobo lwendle lubonakala ngesimo salo esikhulu nesiqhubekayo. Lunamathela ngokuqinile emaphethelweni angezansi esigaba sokusika, luveza njengentambo yama-bead ensimbi ancibilikisiwe. Ububanzi balezi zinhla bungasukela kumamilimitha amaningana kuya kwamakhulu nakakhulu, kuye ngezimo ezithile zokusika. Le ndle eqhubekayo nelengayo ayithinti nje kuphela ukubukeka komphetho osikiwe kodwa futhi inomthelela omkhulu ekucutshungulweni okulandelayo kwento yokusebenza. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni ngokunemba, indle enjalo ingaphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye, inciphise ukunemba okuphelele komkhiqizo.
Izimbangela
- Amandla anganele: Lesi yisona sizathu esibaluleke kakhulu. Ukusikwa okuqondile okungekuhle kusho ukuthi indawo eqondile ingaphansi kobuso bepuleti, okubangela ukuthi ububanzi bebala bukhule kanye nobuningi bamandla bunciphe. Uma amandla enganele ukuhwamuka ngokuphelele noma ukuncibilikisa izinto, insimbi ewuketshezi esele ayikwazi ukupheshulwa ngokuphelele yigesi eyisizayo, ngaleyo ndlela ijiya phansi ukuze yakhe udoti. Isibonelo, lapho kusikwa ipuleti lensimbi yekhabhoni elijiyile elinesethingi yamandla e-laser engafanele, amandla afinyelela phansi kodoti awanele neze ukuphatha ivolumu yezinto, okuholela ekwakhekeni kodoti.
- Umfutho womoya onganele noma ongazinzile: I-air compressor ingase inganikezi ingcindezi eyanele, noma kungase kube nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwengcindezi yomoya. Lokhu kuholela ekungakwazini ukukhiqiza amandla anele okuphefumula uketshezi lwensimbi encibilikisiwe lusuke emngxunyeni. Njengoba umoya, njengegesi elisizayo, unamandla amancane kakhulu e-kinetic uma kuqhathaniswa ne-nitrogen, unezidingo eziphakeme zengcindezi yomoya. Kweminye imigqa yokukhiqiza yezimboni enezinhlelo zokunikeza umoya ezigugile, ingcindezi yomoya engazinzile ingabangela ikhwalithi yokusika engaguquki, kanye nokungcola okuvame ukuvela ngenxa yokususwa okungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi encibilikisiwe.
- Isivinini esikhulu sokusika: Uma ipuleti lihamba ngokushesha kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebe we-laser, amandla adonswa yiyunithi ngayinye yobude bezinto awanelanga. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto azinqunywanga ngokuphelele, futhi izinto ezincibilikisiwe azinaso isikhathi esanele sokupheshulwa umoya. Emizamweni yokusika ngesivinini esikhulu ngaphandle kokulungiswa kahle kwamapharamitha, ukunyakaza okusheshayo kwento yokusebenza kungabangela ukuthi i-laser iphuthelwe ezinye izindawo, ishiye izinto ezinganqunywanga noma ezinqunyiwe kancane eziqina zibe udoti.
- Indawo engalungile yokugxila: Uma inani eliqondile elingaphansi libekwe likhulu kakhulu, amandla ayahlakazeka kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla angaphansi kwesibazi awanele kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukucubungula ngokuphelele izinto ezingezansi, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekwakhekeni kwamafutha.
Izixazululo
- Lungiselela amandla e-laser:
- Khulisa amandla ngokufanele: Ukwandisa amandla e-laser kuyindlela eqondile nephumelelayo yokwandisa amandla okufakwayo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahambisana nobukhulu bepuleti kanye nesivinini sokusika. Ngepuleti lensimbi yekhabhoni elinobukhulu obungu-5 - mm, ngemuva kochungechunge lokuhlolwa, kungatholakala ukuthi ukwandisa amandla e-laser kusuka ku-1000W kuya ku-1200W kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lamanzi angcolile.
- Lungisa indawo yokugxila:
- Nciphisa inani elibi - eligxile: Zama ukulungisa iphuzu lokugxila liye phezulu (libheke ebusweni bepuleti) ukuze unciphise inani eliqondile elingaphansi. Lokhu kungandisa ubuningi bamandla phansi kwesibazi. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo yokuma kwe-focal kungenziwa, ukusika ngamapharamitha ahlukene kusukela ku-1mm kuya ku-3mm yenani eliqondile elingaphansi, ukuthola iphuzu lokugxila elinokungcola okuncane kakhulu. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kokusika ipuleti lensimbi yekhabhoni elingu-3 mm ubukhulu, kutholakale ukuthi inani eliqondile elingaphansi elingaphansi elingaphansi eli-1.5mm liphumela ekusikeni okuhlanzekile kakhulu okunokungcola okuncane kakhulu.
- Lungisa amapharamitha egesi:
- Khulisa umfutho womoya: Qinisekisa ukuthi umfutho womoya uphakeme ngokwanele. Kumapuleti amancane, kungadingeka umfutho ongu-0.8 – 1.2MPa, kanti kumapuleti amakhulu, kudingeka umfutho ophezulu nakakhulu. Hlola njalo i-air compressor kanye nohlelo lokomisa nokuhlunga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo wegesi uhlanzekile, womile, nokuthi umfutho uzinzile. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana namafutha nomswakama emoyeni zingathinta kakhulu umphumela wokusika. Eshabhu lokukhiqiza, ngemuva kokushintsha umlawuli wokucindezela komoya ongasebenzi kahle nokufaka isihlungi sokomisa komoya esisebenza kahle kakhulu, ikhwalithi yokusika yathuthuka kakhulu, ngokungcola okuncane kakhulu.
- Yehlisa isivinini sokusika:
- Nciphisa isivinini ngokufanele: Ukunciphisa isivinini sokusika kuvumela izinto ukuthi zimunce amandla, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyancibilika ngokuphelele futhi zipheshulwe umoya. Isivinini namandla kudingeka kulungiswe ngokuxhumana ukuze kutholakale ibhalansi engcono kakhulu. Lapho usika ipuleti lensimbi yekhabhoni eliwugqinsi oluyi-8 - mm, ukunciphisa isivinini sokusika kusuka ku-1000mm/min kuya ku-800mm/min ngenkathi ugcina amandla afanele kungasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola okuqhubekayo phansi.
Uhlobo 2: Indle Eqinile, Eqinile Ephansi
Izici
Lolu hlobo lwendle lubonakala ngokuthungwa kwalo okuhle nokuqinile. Lubonakala njengama-granule amancane noma i-powder, lunamathela ngokuqinile endaweni yokusika. Lezi zinhlayiya zendle ezi-granular zivame ukuba zincane kakhulu ngobukhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nendle eqhubekayo yohlobo lokuqala, ngokuvamile zisuka kuma-micrometer kuya kuma-sub-millimeter. Ubulukhuni bazo buzenza kube nzima ukuzisusa ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ngokuvamile kudinga izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zomshini noma zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, uma usebenzisa ibhulashi elilula lokuhlanza, indle e-granular ingase isale ebusweni, ithinte ukuqeda okuphelele kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi.
Izimbangela
- Ukushiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokweqile: Lesi yisici esingokwemvelo sokusika okusizwa umoya. Endaweni yokushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokusika, umoya-mpilo osemoyeni usabela ngamandla nensimbi yekhabhoni. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kufaka phakathi i-Fe + O₂ → FeO/Fe₃O₄/Fe₂O₃. Ama-oxide akhiqizwayo (ikakhulukazi ama-iron oxides) anamaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika kanye ne-viscosity enkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, awapheshulwa kalula yigesi elisizayo futhi ajiyane ukuze akhe udoti oluqinile. Ekusikweni kwamapayipi ensimbi yekhabhoni agqinsiwe anodonga olunomoya njengegesi elisizayo, kukhiqizwa inani elikhulu lama-iron oxides anephuzu eliphezulu lokuncibilika, okunzima ukuwakhipha endaweni yokusika, okuholela ekwakhekeni kodoti oluyi-granular.
- Ukufakwa kokushisa okweqile: Nakuba amandla anganele eholela ohlotsheni lokuqala lwendle, inani elikhulu lokufaka ukushisa, okuvame ukubangelwa inhlanganisela yamandla aphezulu kanye nesivinini esiphansi, kungabangela ukuthi ipuleti lishise ngokweqile. Lokhu kuphumela ekukhiqizweni kwenani elikhulu lama-oxide aphezulu okuncibilika, okwandisa inkinga yendle. Uma uzama ukusika ishidi lensimbi yekhabhoni elincane elinamandla e-laser aphezulu kakhulu kanye nesivinini sokusika esihamba kancane kakhulu, izinto azigcini nje ngokucwiliswa ngokweqile kodwa futhi ziyancibilika futhi ziphele ngokungalingani, zishiye indle ehlanganisiwe ebusweni obusikiwe.
- Ukuguga kwe-nozzle noma ukungalungi kahle: Ama-nozzle agugile angabangela ukuthi ukuhamba komoya kuphazamiseke, kuvimbele ukungena emngxunyeni ngokulinganayo nangokuqondile. Uma isikhungo se-nozzle singahambisani kahle nomsebe we-laser, ikhono lokuvunguza kwegesi liyancishiswa, futhi i-slag encibilikisiwe ayikwazi ukususwa ngempumelelo. Emugqeni wokukhiqiza lapho ama-nozzle esetshenziswa khona isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokushintshwa, ama-nozzle agugile abangela ukuthi ukuhamba komoya kuphambuke endleleni efanele, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwendle e-granular ebusweni bokusika ngenxa yokususwa kwe-slag okungasebenzi kahle.
Izixazululo
- Lungiselela ukufana kwesivinini sokusika namandla:
- Yamukela isu "lesivinini esikhulu, eliphakathi namandla": Ngokwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukungena okuphelele, ukwandisa isivinini ngokufanele nokunciphisa amandla kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala kwezinto endaweni yokushisa okuphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukusabela kwe-oxidation ngokweqile. Le ndlela iphambene nesixazululo sohlobo lokuqala lwendle futhi idinga ukulungisa amaphutha ngokucophelela. Ngeshidi lensimbi yekhabhoni elingu-2 mm ubukhulu, ukwandisa isivinini sokusika kusuka ku-1500mm/min kuya ku-1800mm/min ngenkathi kunciphisa amandla kusuka ku-800W kuya ku-700W kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwendle e-granular.
- Lungisa amapharamitha egesi (izinguquko zamasu):
- Uma ufuna amapuleti amancane, zama ukunciphisa kancane ingcindezi yomoya: Umfutho womoya ophezulu kakhulu ungandisa ukusabela kwe-oxidation kunokususa i-slag. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa umfutho womoya ophansi ngenkathi uqinisekisa ukuthi i-slag ingapheshulwa. Ekuhlolweni kokusika ipuleti lensimbi yekhabhoni eliwugqinsi oluyi-1 - mm, kunciphisa umfutho womoya kusuka ku-1.0MPa kuya ku-0.8MPa, ngenkathi kugcinwa ezinye izilinganiso zizinzile, kuphumela ekusikeni okuhlanzekile okunezinsalela ezincane.
- Qinisekisa ubumsulwa begesi: Umoya owomile nongenawo uwoyela kuphela okufanele usetshenziswe. Umswakama ungapholisa ngokushesha insimbi encibilikisiwe futhi ukhuthaze ukubola, kuyilapho ukungcola kwamafutha kungangcolisa amalensi futhi kuthinte ikhwalithi yokusika. Ukufaka amadivayisi okuhlunga umoya osebenza kahle kakhulu – ukomisa kanye nowoyela – emoyeni – kungaqinisekisa ubumsulwa bomoya, kuthuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi yokusika futhi kunciphise ukungcola.
- Hlola bese ushintsha i-nozzle:
- Hlola isimo se-nozzle: Hlola njalo umlomo wombhobho ukuze ubone ukuthi awugugi, awugugi, noma awuvalekile yini. Ama-nozzle agugile kumele ashintshwe ngokushesha. Eshabhu lokukhiqiza, ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe kwama-nozzle njalo emahoreni angu-50 okusebenza kungavimbela ukwenzeka kokungcola okubangelwa izinkinga zomlomo wombhobho.
- Linganisa isikhungo se-nozzle: Sebenzisa iphepha lokuqondisa noma amathuluzi okuqondisa akhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhungo sembobo ye-nozzle sihambisana ngokuphelele nomsebe we-laser. Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni indlela efanele yokugeleza komoya. Ngemva kokusebenzisa ithuluzi lokuqondisa lochwepheshe le-nozzle, ikhwalithi yokusika ithuthuka ngokuphawulekayo, ngokuncipha okukhulu kokungcola kwe-granular ngenxa yendlela elungiselelwe kahle yokugeleza komoya.
- Sebenzisa amapuleti amboziwe:
- Uma izimo zokucubungula zivuma, sebenzisa amapuleti ensimbi amboziwe njengamapuleti e-galvanized. Isembozo ngezinye izikhathi singadlala indima ethile "yokusiza ukugeleza" ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika noma sishintshe izakhiwo ze-slag, okwenza kube lula ukususa udoti. Kodwa-ke, lesi akusona isisombululo esiyisisekelo. Lapho usika amapuleti ensimbi yekhabhoni egayiwe, isembozo se-zinc singasabela ngensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nemikhiqizo ye-oxidation ngendlela eguqula izici ze-slag, okwenza kube lula ukususwa kwayo endaweni yokusika.
Izinyathelo Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Ezisheshayo
Ukuhlolwa Kwehadiwe
- Ilensi evikelayo: Hlola njalo ukuthi ilensi evikelayo ihlanzekile futhi ayinawo umonakalo. Ilensi engcolile noma eyonakele inganciphisa kakhulu amandla e-laser, okuholela ekhwalithini yokusika engaguquki kanye nokunamathela kwe-slag okwandisiwe. Uma kutholakala ukungcola, hlanza ilensi ngokucophelela usebenzisa izinto zokuhlanza ezifanele namathuluzi.
- I-Nozzle: Hlola umlomo wombhobho ukuze uthole noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuguguleka, ukuguquka, noma ukuvaleka. Umlomo wombhobho ogugile onobubanzi bangaphakathi obukhulu noma obungajwayelekile ungabangela ukugeleza komoya ukuba kuphambuke endleleni efanele, kwenze buthaka ikhono lokuphefumula nge-slag. Buyisela umlomo wombhobho ngokushesha uma kutholakala izinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, qiniseka ukuthi usayizi womlomo ulungele umsebenzi othize wokusika, njengoba umlomo wombhobho ongafanele nawo ungaba nomthelela ezinkingeni ze-slag.
- Umfutho womoya: Qinisekisa ukuthi ingcindezi yomoya ifinyelela inani elibekiwe futhi ihlala izinzile kuyo yonke inqubo yokusika. Faka i-pressure gauge ethembekile ukuze uqaphe ingcindezi yomoya ngokunembile. Ukuguquguquka kwengcindezi yomoya kungaphazamisa ukususwa okuzinzile kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-slag. Uma ingcindezi inganele noma ingazinzile, hlola uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngomoya, okuhlanganisa i-air compressor, amapayipi, nama-valve, ukuze uthole futhi uxazulule umthombo wenkinga.
- Umthombo wegesi: Qinisekisa ukuthi umthombo wegesi womile futhi uhlanzekile. Umswakama emoyeni ungapholisa ngokushesha insimbi encibilikisiwe, ukhuthaze ukubola kanye nokwakheka kwe-slag eqinile. Ukungcola kukawoyela akugcini nje ngokungcolisa amalensi kodwa futhi kuthinta ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokusika, okuholela ekusikeni kwekhwalithi embi. Faka uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngomoya osebenza kahle kakhulu kanye namadivayisi okuhlunga uwoyela emoyeni ukuqinisekisa ubumsulwa bomoya.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukugxila
Ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwenqubo yokugxila - indawo kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlolwa kusiza ekunqumeni indawo efanele yokugxila kwezinto ezithile kanye nobukhulu obunqunywayo. Izinto ezahlukene kanye nobukhulu zidinga izilungiselelo ezahlukene zokugxila ukuze kufezwe ukusika kwekhwalithi engcono kakhulu ngokunamathela okuncane kwe-slag.
Le ndlela ihilela ukwenza uchungechunge lokusika kokuhlola ngamanani ahlukahlukene angemihle - agxile, ngokuvamile asukela ku-1mm kuya ku-3mm wokusika insimbi yekhabhoni enomoya ngaphansi kwezimo ezingemihle - ezigxile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, qaphela ngokucophelela ikhwalithi yokusika, ikakhulukazi inani kanye nohlobo lokunamathela kwe-slag. Indawo yokugxila eholela enanini elincane le-slag, indawo yokusika ebushelelezi, kanye nokungena okuphelele kwezinto kubhekwa njengendawo efanele kakhulu. Qopha lawa manani agxile - isikhundla ukuze ubhekisele esikhathini esizayo lapho usika izinto ezifanayo kanye nobukhulu.
Ukulungiswa Kwamandla Nesivinini
- Ukuze kuqhume ukungcola okuqhubekayo, okuconsayo: Uma i-slag isesimweni se-burs eqhubekayo, econsayo phansi, okubalulekile ukwandisa amandla e-laser noma ukunciphisa isivinini sokusika. Ukwandisa amandla kunezela amandla engeziwe enkambisweni yokusika, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zincibilike ngokuphelele futhi ziphefumula. Ukunciphisa isivinini kuvumela izinto isikhathi esiningi sokumunca amandla e-laser, okwenza kube lula ukusika okuphelele nokususwa okuphumelelayo kwensimbi encibilikisiwe. Kodwa-ke, lapho ulungisa lezi zinhlaka, kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi ukuze ugweme ezinye izinkinga ezingaba khona njengokushisa ngokweqile noma ukushiswa ngokweqile.
- Ukuze uthole udoti oluqinile noluqinile: Uma ubhekene nodoti oluqinile noluncane, isu liwukwandisa isivinini sokusika noma ukunciphisa amandla ngendlela efanele. Ukwandisa isivinini kunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa yizinto endaweni yokushisa ephezulu, kunciphisa izinga lokushiswa kwegesi. Ukunciphisa amandla kusiza ukuvimbela ukufakwa kokushisa ngokweqile, okungaholela ekukhiqizweni kwenani elikhulu lama-oxide aphezulu ancibilikayo. Ngokwenza ngcono inhlanganisela yejubane namandla, ukwakheka kodoti oluncane kungancishiswa ngempumelelo.
Isiphetho
Inkinga yokunamathela kwe-slag emoyeni ongemuhle – ukusika okugxile kwensimbi yekhabhoni iyinkimbinkimbi, ithonywa yizici eziningi njengokufakwa kwamandla, amapharamitha egesi, kanye nezimo zehadiwe. Ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezivamile zokunamathela kwe-slag, ama-burs aqhubekayo, aconsayo kanye nodoti oluqinile, oluqinile, izimbangela ezahlukene kanye nezixazululo ezihambisanayo ziye zahlolwa. Ekukhiqizeni okusebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa amapharamitha njalo. Ukuhlola njalo izingxenye zehadiwe, njengelensi evikelayo kanye ne-nozzle, nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza nobumsulwa bomthombo wegesi, yizinyathelo eziyisisekelo. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokugxila – indawo, ukusethwa kokugxila okufanele kunganqunywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwamandla e-laser kanye nesivinini sokusika ngokuya ngohlobo lokunamathela kwe-slag kubalulekile. Ngokufeza ibhalansi phakathi “kokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-oxidation ukwandisa ukushisa” kanye “nokuvimbela i-oxidation ngokweqile ekukhiqizeni i-slag ephezulu – encibilikayo – iphuzu,” ukusika kwensimbi yekhabhoni esezingeni eliphezulu futhi esebenza kahle kungatholakala, kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomkhiqizo wezimboni wanamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-19-2025
